# Scalar curvature

This article defines a notion of curvature for a differential manifold equipped with a Riemannian metric

This article defines a scalar function on a manifold, viz a function from the manifold to real numbers. The scalar function may be intrinsic or defined in terms of some other structure/functions

## Definition

Let $(M,g)$ be a Riemannian manifold.

### In terms of the Ricci curvature tensor

The scalar curvature associated to $(M,g)$ is defined as the trace of the Ricci curvature tensor of its Levi-Civita connection. By trace, we mean trace, when it is written as a symmetric bilinear form in terms of an orthonormal basis for the Riemannian metric.

### In terms of the Ricci curvature

The scalar curvature is a scalar function that associates a curvature at every point $p \in M$ as follows. Consider an orthonormal basis $e_i$ for $T_p(M)$. Then, the scalar curvature at $p$ is the sum of the Ricci curvatures for all vectors in the orthonormal basis.

### In terms of the sectional curvature

The scalar curvature at a point $p\in M$ is defined as follows. Let $e_i$ be an orthonormal basis at $p$. The scalar curvature is then:

$\sum_{1 \le i < j \le n} 2K(e_i,e_j)$

where $K(e_i,e_j)$ denotes the sectional curvature of the plane spanned by $e_i$ and $e_j$.

### In terms of the Riemann curvature tensor

The scalar curvature can be viewed as a double-trace of the Riemann curvature tensor. A more explicit way of viewing it is as follows. Let $e_i$ be an orthonormal basis at $p$. The scalar curvature at $p$ is:

$\sum_{1 \le i \le n, 1 \le j \le n} R(e_i,e_j,e_j,e_i)$

## Facts

### Scalar curvature in terms of Ricci curvature

If the manifold has dimension $n$, and if the Ricci curvature is constant at a point, the scalar curvature is $n$ times the Ricci curvature at that point.

If the sectional curvature is constant at the point, the scalar curvature is $n(n-1)$ times the sectional curvature.